See also:
Porter's Five Forces of Competition
Threat of New Entrants
Supplier Power
Threat of Substitutes
Intensity of Rivalry
Complementors (Sixth Force)Buyer Power Definition
Porter's Five Forces of buyer bargaining power refers to the pressure consumers can exert on businesses to get them to provide higher quality products, better customer service, and lower prices. When analyzing the bargaining power of buyers, the industry analysis is being conducted from the perspective of the seller. According to Porter’s 5 forces industry analysis framework, buyer power is one of the forces that shape the competitive structure of an industry.
The idea is that the bargaining power of buyers in an industry affects the competitive environment for the seller and influences the seller’s ability to achieve profitability. Strong buyers can pressure sellers to lower prices, improve product quality, and offer more and better services. All of these things represent costs to the seller. A strong buyer can make an industry more competitive and decrease profit potential for the seller. On the other hand, a weak buyer, one who is at the mercy of the seller in terms of quality and price, makes an industry less competitive and increases profit potential for the seller. The concept of buyer power Porter created has had a lasting effect in market theory.
Buyer Power – Determining Factors
Several factors determine Porter's Five Forces buyer bargaining power. If buyers are concentrated compared to sellers – if there are few buyers and many sellers – buyer power is high. If switching costs – the cost of switching from one seller’s product to another seller’s product – are low, the bargain power of buyers is high. If buyers can easily backward integrate – or begin to produce the seller’s product themselves – the bargain power of customers is high. If the consumer is price sensitive and well-educated regarding the product, buyer power is high. If the customer purchases large volumes of standardized products from the seller, buyer bargaining power is high. If substitute products are available on the market, buyer power is high.
And of course, if the opposite is true for any of these factors, buyer bargaining power is low. For example, low buyer concentration, high switching costs, no threat of backward integration, less price sensitivity, uneducated consumers, consumers that purchase specialized products, and the absence of substitute products all indicate that buyer power is low.
Buyer Power – Analysis
When analyzing a given industry, all of the aforementioned factors regarding Porter's 5 Forces buyers power may not apply. But some, if not many, certainly will. And of the factors that do apply, some may indicate high buyer bargaining power and some may indicate low buyer bargaining power. The results will not always be straightforward. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the nuances of the analysis and the particular circumstances of the given firm and industry when using these data to evaluate the competitive structure and profit potential of a market.
Buyer Power is High/Strong if:
• Buyers are more concentrated than sellers
• Buyer switching costs are low
• Threat of backward integration is high
• Buyer is price sensitive
• Buyer is well-educated regarding the product
• Buyer purchases product in high volume
• Buyer purchases comprise large portion of seller sales
• Product is undifferentiated
• Substitutes are available
Buyer Power is Low/Weak if:
• Buyers are less concentrated than sellers
• Buyer switching costs are high
• Threat of backward integration is low
• Buyer is not price sensitive
• Buyer is uneducated regarding the product
• Buyer purchases product in low volume
• Buyer purchases comprise small portion of seller sales
• Product is highly differentiated
• Substitutes are unavailable
Buyer Bargaining Power Interpretation
When conducting Porter’s 5 forces buyer power industry analysis, low buyer bargaining power makes an industry more attractive and increases profit potential for the seller, while high buyer bargaining power makes an industry less attractive and decreases profit potential for the seller. Buyer power is one of the factors to consider when analyzing the structural environment of an industry using Porter’s 5 forces framework. The buyer power Porter's five forces laid out is well respected even to this day.